Life Of Pi

                        " Life  of   Pi " 

  Hello readers! Here, I am going to write down an another blog on ' Life of pi ' - Film Screening, which was organized by Department of English. This blog is inspired by Yesha Ma'am. In this particular blog I am going to share my views upon this movie. 

  ' Introduction :- ' 

  Life of pi is a 2012 Adventure drama film directed and produced by Ang Lee and written by David Magee. This film based on Yann Martel's 2001 novel of the same name. It stars Suraj sharma, Irfan khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu and Adil hussain in lead roles. 

    The storyline revolves around two survivors of a shipwreck. One is a sixteen year old Indian boy named pi patel and the other is a Ferocious Bengal tiger named Richard Parker that are on a lifeboat stranded in the Pacific Ocean for 227 days. 

   We can understand that this story is all about a true survival. How sometimes our survival becomes so much difficult but, still we have to cross all the obstacles which came in our path and we have to survive. 

  

   ' Cast in the movie :- ' 

• Suraj sharma as Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel, age 16 - 17.
• Irfan khan as pi patel, adult 
• Gautam Belur as Pi patel, age 5
• Ayush Tandon as pi patel, age 11/ 12 
• Rafe Spall as The writer
• Tabu as Gita patel, pi's mother
• Adil hussain as santosh patel, Pi's father
• Vibish sivakumar as Ravi, pi's brother ( Age - 18 - 19)

   These are some important casts in the movie. 

  1. Significance of Tiger :- 

     In life of pi one can see that Richard Parker is the Bengal tiger that symbolizes God or faith through love and fear, also survival. He symbolizes being an imaginary friend as well. However, It can also be argued that the tiger - Richard Parker symbolizes that he and pi both are one in the same.  

   Richard   Parker  as  a Companion :- 

 Richard Parker, a Bengal tiger, is Pi patel's one & only main Companion on a shipwrecked Journey. In the telling of his survival experience at sea, pi patel recounts how Richard was a true companion for him. He developed a strong sense of affection for the tiger, and at times, even speaks about the tiger as if it were a human being.

   From the movie, we can get a deeper understanding about Richard Parker 's important role in pi patel's Survival. 

  What  is the Significance of Island? 

   Like many other aspects, In life of pi the Island is a paradoxical symbol of both Salvation and temptation. It's very existence tests pi's faith. At first the Island tempts pi with an easy life, allowing him to stray from his journey. Pi thinks that he has been saved. 

  When pi and Richard both arrived on the Island, they find it is made up of algae and water and contains a dense forest. After, spending so much time on the boat, pi believes that the island is a figment of his Imagination. Apprehensively, he decides to approach the Island. 

  Pi patel discovers thag the ground is solid despite being made of plants, but he is still nervous about exploring the Island. He decided to sleep on the edge of the Island for several nights to help him in rebuild the strength in his legs that he lost while stranded on the boat. While, Richard Parker instead sleeps on the lifeboat. 

  The Island meets all of Pi's physical needs, but it does nothing for his soul. He breaks all kinds of bonds of animalistic reason and leaves. Although pi initially believes that the Island is a hallucination. He and Richard both still decide to stop at the Island. Later on they have come across a ' Carnivorous Island. '

    This Island is the last place that Pi and Richard stop before they eventually arrive in Mexico, where the story Concludes. 

 What is the difference between Spirituality and religion? What is the significance of doubt in it? 

  A majority of us often use the words - 'Religion ' & ' Spirituality ' interchangeably. But, they both are entirely Seperate concepts that we need to understand. 

 'Religion is belief in Someone else's experience. ' 

' Spirituality is having your Own Experience. ' 

 As we all know that there is very thin line and Slight difference between these two. It is never ending debate. Because, every one has their own thinking & own views upon this matter. We can understand that the concept of religion and spirituality is very well presented in life of pi movie. 

  Pi patel serves as the main character for Life of pi, and could be called a spiritually curious person. In a way, we can say that Life of pie is all about :- a young man's Journey to find his Spiritual center, helped along by a shipwreck and a tiger named Richard Parker.

  The  Role  of  religion :- 

  Pi patel 's life is marked by three different religions that influence him over the course of his life. 

 1. Hinduism

  2. Christianity

  3. Islam

  1. Hinduism :- Hinduism, the traditional Indian faith is his first religion. Pi grew up in the hindu tradition, taking part in its rituals and rites from a young age. Pi sees the beauty in the basic. Pi recounts how as a child his hands naturally moved into a prayer position, how he was born a hindu and will always be a hindu. He states that;

           " I met Krishna first. 

    The universe makes sense to me through Hindu eyes. "

   

 2. Christianity :-  when pi patel is 14 years, he enters into a church and speaks to the priest, who tells him the tale of Jesus. He asked for another story but the priest tells him that there is only one story to Christianity. 

 

   At that time, pi says that he wanted to become a Christian. When he told that he's already a Christian. He returned home;

   

              " He thanked Lord krishna for introducing him to Christ. " 

 3. Islam :- pi tells of how he became a Muslim at the age of 15 when he met a muslim baker and Mystic, a second Mr. Kumar who excuses him self during their conversation to pray. Pi is struck with the beauty of the ritual in Islam and asked Mr. Kumar more about his faith. Mr. Kumar explained that Islam is the religion of the Beloved. Pi asks to attend the Mosque with him and begins to pray with him. 

 

      This religion scene in life of pi movie is very much important to understand. As we know that pi patel followed three different religions - Hinduism, Christianity & Islamic. But, his father santosh patel adviced him while they were on their dinning table & taking dinner. He told him that;

   " You can not follow three different religions at a same time. " 

   But, Pi asked that why - not. His father explained him further by saying that;

 

   " Because, Believing in everything at the same time is the same as not believing in anything at all. " 

  So, From this point we can understand that this conversation happened between them. As we all know that rational thinking is also very important & necessary. Faith is good. But, Blind faith will always leads us to problematic situation. 

Share  your  views ( Movie review) :- 

    On 15th july, 2022 we had a film screening on life of pi movie which was organized by Depart of English. But, specifically it was arranged by yesha ma'am. It was our very first movie screening from semester - 1.when we watched movie, yesha ma'am and our seniors were also there with us. We all watched it together. I personally enjoyed very much. Overall, it was good experience. 

   After watching movie, we had a benefit also. We can discuss it with our classmates and seniors also. That is how we came to know about various things. So, it was very much good & Exciting experience of life of pi - movie screening for all of us. 

  Here, I am sharing some glimpses of Movie screening that you all can see here. 

   Which  Version  of  the story is more appealing? 

  Pi is Concious that he has two stories to offer us. One with animals. Another one is without it. He is also aware that the one with animals is the more enjoyable of the two, the version that we had would rather remember. The story with the Bengal tiger is Farfetched, but engaging & even charming. Pi told two stories - one is what happened in the ocean and the another one what he told in the hospital. These both stories are different in some ways. 

     But, still there are three common elements which you can find in both the stories. 

        1. Ship sinks

        2.  Pi lost his family forever

        3. Pi  suffers a lot 

In the movie we can noticed that In the last part, pi asked one question that, 

   ' Which story do you prefer? ' 

The men replied with smile that ;  

     ' The one with the animals. '

The ending part of the movie is very much emotional. Because In the last one can see that Richard Parker vanishing, disappearing from the life of pi & Lost somewhere in the forest. But, according to pi what always hurts the most is that not taking a moment of saying Goodbye.. 

   

  I hope that this blog is useful to you.. 

   Thank you for visiting... 

   [ Words :-  1522 ]

   

  

  

          

  

   

 

 

  

    

    

Religious fervour and A Tale of Tub

" Thinking Activity "

" Religious Fervour and A Tale of  Tub"

 Hello readers! Here I am going to write down another blog. This blog is inspired by kavisha Ma'am - Department of English, Bhavnagar university - Mkbu. This particular blog is a part of our thinking activity. I am going to discuss about our Indian festival - "shitala satam" in this blog. 

 We have " A Tale of Tub" by Jonathan Swift in our syllabus. It is religious satire. So, Through this blog I am going to compare the festival - " Shitala satam" With " A Tale of tub, " On the basis of my understanding. 

 As we all know that Religion and Science both work in a parallel way. The difficulty in approaching the question of the relation between science and Religion is that its requires Elucidation ( Explanation) that what do we exactly mean by either of the terms - " Religion " and " Science". We also have to understand the connection between these two. We all are living in 21st century. With the help of Science and technology we can do our works very easily. But, still we are blindly following some of our traditions in one or the other way. Without knowing the reason, we follow our rituals. But, we have to question people that why we are doing all these. 

  Many people simply acknowledge that the two institutions - Science and Religion deals with different realms of human experience. Science deals with Natural world. It is based on Evidence & proof. While, Religion deals with supernatural world or we can say spiritual world. Hence, the two can be complementary.  

  "Shitala satam" Also known as shitala saptami. This festival is dedicated to goddess shitala. Devotees of goddess shitala in Gujarat celebrate shitala satam on the saptami tithi (seventh day in the month of shravan). This festival falls one day before Janmashtami, the birth of Lord krishna. On this day when devotees observe a vrat and follow certain rituals. By fasting, they pay tribute to goddess shitala. People do not cook fresh food on this auspicious occasion. They prepared meals on the previous day.  It is believed that mainly women worship 'shitla Mataji' for the good health and long life of their children. 

Hence, devotees worship this deity to cure disease like chickenpox and heart problems. 

  There are some steps which everyone followed on shitala satam vrat, including us. 

  1. The food should be prepared the day before. 

  2. Perform puja in front of Goddess's idol on shitala satam. 

  3. After finishing puja, start your vrat. 

  4. On this day food should not reheat. 

  By the grace of goddess, a person suffering from any type of illness can be easily cured. Children with serious problem may be able to get rid of it. and as a result of that women fast for the sake of their children's health. 

    According to hindu mythology, the goddess is carrying a voyage and a dustpan in her hands.  Sheetla Satam procedures are observed by many communities, notably in Gujarat, In order to get their wishes fulfilled. Goddess shitala is said to protect from illness such as measles and chickenpox. Worshipping Maa sheetla may help you to get recovery from illness. 

   This Images clearly suggests us that A very large number of people, especially women are following certain kinds of rituals on this day. 

  " The science VS. Faith :-"

     Science is based on Observations. The scientific method is proved by its success. While Faith means complete trust or confidence in something. Science is mostly based on proof and evidence. While, Faith is based on spiritual Conviction rather than proof. 

  There are so many examples which we can consider. If we look at the Food on that particular day we can see that women prepared food on the previous day, which is known as - " Randhan chhath".  People have blind faith that if we don't eat cold food on satam than Goddess will punish us Or something bad will happen and that is  why for this reason on this occasion of sheetla satam people don't use gas stove and chula. 

 

  In our country whenever we are trapped in any kind of difficulties we never try to found it's solutions scientifically and rationally. We always look forward towards religious point of view rather than rational. Shitala satam is the best example of this. 

When the child is suffering from chickenpox at that time his / her relatives prefer religious remedies, rather than consulting a doctor and sometimes it proves  Fatal. 

   Science:-

                      As we all are living in the world of science & technology.. It made our every work very easier. It grows very rapidly in the 21st era. Edward Jener was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.

    Edward Jener first diagnosed Cowpox rather than smallpox. He realised that this was his Opportunity to test the protective properties of Cowpox by giving it to someone who had not yet suffered Smallpox. This is how Edward Jener followed up this experiment with many others. 

     In the year 1798, he published all his research into Smallpox in a book. and he found the first Vaccination of Smallpox. 

   Corona virus & Blind faith of people :-

    If we want to take another example we can connect this things with corona pandemic. As we all know that, Corona virus is the biggest crisis of the 21st century in India. Several countries across the globe have witnessed of this deadly virus. And Due to this, governments imposing a second round of lockdown. 

     But, Even during a pandemic blind faith of people is dominating reason due to Orthodox people who refuses to part ways with their traditional methods and beliefs. 

 

     During Corona pandemic, people rather than following corona guidelines they used to gathered for worshiping God, who they believe can save them from corona virus. Moreover, we can say that after corona vaccine found people refused to take it because of some personal beliefs. 

   We all blindly follow the religious beliefs and traditions. But, we need to understand one thing that no any vaccine found to prevent blind faith. I am surprised on the fact that educated people also refused to take corona vaccine. We have to convince people about all this things. 

    But In 21st century - a modern world of science & technology, we should not follow the things which don't have any kind of rational point. Others are following everything without even thinking about it. That's a wrong thing. We all need to understand that there are Scientific reasons also. 

 

Conclusion :-   To sum up my topic I would like to say that we all should think before  doing something rather than blindly follow everything in a same manner. 

   I hope that this blog is helpful to you... 

     

     Thanks for Visiting... 

Literary Characteristics

    " History - Puritan + Restoration Age  :- " 

       " Thinking Activity "

Hello readers! Here, I am going to write down an another blog. This blog is inspired by Dr. Dilip sir barad - Department of English, MKBU. This blog is a part of our thinking activity of the Puritan and Restoration period in the history of English literature. 

  Here, In this particular blog I am going to deal with the literary Characteristics of the Restoration age.

    Before, we discuss the general Characteristics of these age. First let me tell you about the brief introduction of the Restoration period / Era / Age. 

    The Restoration Period :- ( 1660 - 1700) 

       In the history of English Literature The period from - 1660 to 1700 is known as the 'Restoration Period' Or ' The Age of Dryden. ' John Dryden - was the representative writer of the Restoration period. The restoration of King Charles-||in 1660 marks the beginning of a new era both in the life and literature of England. The historical events like the restoration of Charles -|| in 1660 , the religious controversy and the revolution of 1688 deeply influenced the social life and the literary movements of the age. 

    In short, We can understand that The Restoration period brought about a revolutionary change in life of people and literature also.

  ' Literary Characteristics of the Age :-'

 

           In the literature of The Restoration period, we note a sudden breaking away from the old standards, just as Society broke away from the restraints of puritanism. The literature of the Restoration period marked the complete breaking of ties with the Renaissance literature. It reflected the spirit of the age. 

      The following are the chief Features of this period. They are given as below or under. 

              1. French Influence 

              2. New Tendencies

              3. Realism

              4. Formalism

              5. The heroic Couplet 

  

  Let's discuss these Characteristics in detail:-

 1. French Influence :-

  

      The French influence was predominant during this restoration period because the king had spent the period of his exile in France. The French manners and fashion spread from the court to the aristocracy. It also influenced Contemporary literature. Since Shakespeare and the Elizabethans were no longer interesting, literary men began to imitate the French writers, with whose works they had just grown familiar. That is why here begins the so - called period of French influence. Which shows itself in English  literature for the next century. 

     One has only to Consider for a moment the French writers of this period - ' pascal, Bossuet, Fenelon, Malherbe, Corneille, Racine, Moliere, - all that brilliant company which makes the reign of Louis14 the Elizabethan age of French literature - to see how far astray the early writers of the Restoration went in their wretched imitation. 

 2. New Tendencies :- 

      With the final rejection of the Restoration drama we reach a crisis in the history of English literature. The old Elizabethan Spirit, with its patriotism, it's creative Vigor, its love of romance, and the puritan spirit with its moral earnestness and individualism, we're both things of the past; and at first there was nothing to take their places. 

    John Dryden - the greatest writer of the age, voiced a general Complaint when he said that in his prose and poetry he was

" drawing the outlines " Of a new art, but had no teacher to instruct him. But literature is a progressive art, and soon the writers of the age developed two marked tendencies of their own - the tendency to realism, and the tendency to that preciseness and elegance of expression which marks our literature for the next hundred years. 

 3.Realism :- 

     

      Restoration literature is realistic. In realism, that is the representation of men exactly as they are, the expression of the plain truth without regard to ideals or romance - the tendency was at first thoroughly bad. The early restoration writers sought to paint realistic pictures of a court and society, and, as we have suggested, they emphasized vices rather than virtues. Like Hobbes, they saw only the the externals of man, his body and appetites, not his soul and it's ideals. 

     Later on, however, this tendency to realism became more wholesome. So we can understand that 'Realism ' became one of the major & important characteristics during the Restoration era. 

4. Formalism :- 

       

     The another important & noticeable Characteristics of these age and tendency of the age was towards directness and simplicity of expression, and to this excellent tendency our literature is greatly indebted. In both the Elizabethan and the puritan ages the general tendency of writers was towards extravagance of thought and language. Sentences were often involved, and loaded with Latin quotations and classical allusions. The Restoration writers Opposed this vigorously. From France they brought back the tendency to regard established rules for writing, to emphasize close reasoning rather than the romantic fancy. They decided to use ' Short, clear cut sentences without an unnecessary word. ' 

     John Dryden - accepted this excellent rule for his prose, and adopted the heroic couplet, as the next best thing, for the greater part of his poetry. As he tells us himself; 

    " And this unpolished rugged verse I chose 

     As fittest for discourse, and nearest prose. " 

     We can say that it was largely due to him only that writers developed that Formalism of style, that precise, almost mathematical elegance, miscalled classicism, which ruled English literature for the next century. 

  5. The Heroic Couplet :- 

   

       Another thing which the reader will note with interest in Restoration literature is the 'adoption of the heroic couplet ' . 

that is, two iambic pentameter lines which time together, as the most suitable form of poetry. 'Waller ' - who began to use it in the year 1623,  is generally regarded as " The father of the Couplet. " For he is the first poet to use it consistently in the bulk of his poetry. 

     

      Chaucer had used the rimed couplet wonderfully well in his ' Canterbury Tales.' But in Chaucer it is the poetical thought more than the expression which delights us. Waller and Dryden made the Couplet the prevailing literary fashion, and in their hands the couplet becomes  Closed. That is each pair of lines must contain a complete thought, stated as precisely as possible. Thus Waller writers ;

   " The soul's dark cottage, battered and decayed, 

    Lets in new light through chinks that time has made. "

    That even the Couplet is capable of melody  and variety is shown in "Chaucer's Canterbury Tales & In John keats 's Endymion. " 

        

    Go through these videos for your better understanding about the Restoration period in the history of English literature.

     Conclusion :- To sum up we can understand that these five things, the tendency to vulgar realism in the drama, a general formalism which came from following set rules, the development of a simpler and more direct prose style, and the prevalence of the heroic couplet in poetry - are the main Characteristics of Restoration literature. They all are exemplified in the work of one man, 'John Dryden. ' 

  

  I hope that this blog is helpful to you... 

    Thank you for visiting... 

      [ Words :-  1139 ]   

Hard Times

                           " Thinking Activity "

   " Charles Dickens's Hard Times " 

 Welcome readers! Here, I am going to write down an another blog about Charles Dickens's Novel - "Hard Times" This blog is inspired by Dr. Dilip sir barad - Department of English, MKBU. This blog is a part of our thinking activity. 

   But, Before going further firstly, it is very much important to know about the original novel and a brief introduction about the Author. 

  Charles Dickens :-

 Charles Dickens, in full ' Charles John Huffam Dickens ' ( born on 7th February, 1812 ) in United Kingdom. He was an English Writer & Social Critic. He created some of the World's best Known Fictional Characters and is regarded by many as the Greatest Novelist of the Victorian era. 

   He was one of  ' Britain's most famous Authors. ' He wrote about the things that many people before him had avoided writing about like the lives of Poorer people. He died on 9th June in 1870. But, Even his novels and short - stories are widely read in today's times. 

   About the Novel:- 

" Hard times " : ' For These times' . But, Commonly Known as " Hard Times " is the tenth novel written by Charles Dickens. First Published on 12th August in 1854. The book surveys English Society and Satirises the Social & Economic Conditions of the era. 

   The novel is a bitter indictment of Industrialization with its Dehumanizing effects on Workers and Communities in mid 19th Century, England. 

    The Structure of the Novel:-

    The novel is divided into three Sections. 

•  1st Book is Entitled as " Sowing "
•  2nd Book is Entitled as  " Reaping " 
•  3rd  Book is Entitled  as " Garnering " 

  These are agriculture titles that are ironic alongside the industrial Focus of the novel.

  Setting ( Time) :- The middle of the 19th century. 

  Setting ( Place) :- Coketown - mythical place, a manufacturing town in the South of England. 

  Genre :- Victorian novel, Satire, Realist novel, dystopia. 

  Here I am placing one video about the summary of this novel. Watch this video for your better understanding. And also it will help you further to understand my question - answer. 

   Here are some Important Characters of the novel. 

• Thomas Gradgrind - Important Figure
•  Mrs. Gradgrind
• Louisa ( Loo) Gradgrind
• Tom Gradgrind
• Jane Gradgrind
• Josiah Bounderby
• Mrs. Pegler - Mother of Mr. Bounderby
• Mrs. Sparsit - Aristocratic  Lady
• Cecelia Jupe as - " Sissy "
• Stephan Blackpool
• Rachael 
• James Harthouse
• Mr. Sleary - Owner of  the Circus
• Bitzer - A Student, An important figure in the novel. 
• Mr. Mcchokumchild - Teacher
• Slackbridge.

Question :- 1 Review of the hindi play based on " Hard Times. " 

 Answer :- On the day of 25th September, Saturday we had a hindi play Screening based on Charles Dickens's novel Hard times. It was organized by Dr. Dilip sir barad as a part of our Classroom activity & Studies. 

   The hindi play of " Hard Times" Started with one beautiful song where all the Characters came on the stage and they sang one song together that; 

 

  " कमाल की कहानी है ये  हे तो बड़ी पुरानी जी|"

  As we all know that the song has given the theme of the entire novel. 

         Musical hindi play based on Dickens famous Novel - Hard times. 

 The novel starts with the scene of school and dialogue came that; 

 "Now, what I want is Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but facts. 

   Facts alone are wanted in life. Plant nothing else, and root out everything else. " 

 " Students are like empty vessels & they said together that Facts, Facts and Facts."

  

   Charles Dickens used satire on reality. Where students are taught in the school that;

            " जो चीज असल में  नहीं है वो आप लोग नहीं करेंगे|" 

   They only want nothing else, but the Factful language. 

  In the hindi play of Hard times we can see that there was a Conversation between Sutradhaar & Nut. That is how we can observe the dramatic technique used in the play. Also, Marriage happened of Louisa and Josiah Bounderby according to the wish of Mr. Thomas Gradgrind. Louisa was not happy with these marriage but, still she said yes for the sake of his brother's career. In the play we all can understand the famous dialogue of Mrs. Gradgrind by saying that;

  " काश मैने तो शादी ही नहीं की होती | "

  This dialogue of Mrs. Gradgrind create humor also. All this things shows the unhappiness of marriage of the characters in the novel. We can also understand that the theme of Marriage and Divorce is important in this play & novel. Charles Dickens also used his satire on the machines. How all this machines worked and he said that; 

                                " Entire life of people eaten by Machines. " He used satire on

Industrialist. 

Also, In the novel and the hindi play we can see & understand that the themes of upper class & Lower class reflects. But, Dickens takes the side of lower class & poor people. When he talked about rich people, his tone became - " Mocking and Satirical. And when he talked about poor people at that time his tone became - " Pathetic and sympathetic. "

One of the Character - Stephen Blackpool was from working class. His life became terrrible. He was trying to become truthful and due to that, he was thrown out of the society. Actually, It was Tom who strategies everything. But, still the blame of theft came on Blackpool. In reality Tom was responsible for theft in the bank and Stephan was completely innocent. So, This is how we can understand that how Charles Dickens used satire on ' Industrialism. ' & Other Aristocratic society, upper class people. With that taking side and showing sympathy for working class and poor people. 

Conclusion :-  To Conclude I would like to say that everyone should watch this hindi musical play at least once based on Hard times. So, it will give better understanding about the novel and also about the problems that faces by poor people in our society that exactly what Dickens wants to tell us. Moreover, This play tries to explain us in a very simple way. 

Question :- 2 Write a detailed note on the Thematic study of the novel - " Hard times. " 

 Answer :- As we all know that Themes are very much important in any work of literature. Here, In particular answer of the question, I will discuss Some themes of Charles Dickens's novel Hard times. They are given as below.

1. Fact Vs. Fancy
2. Industrialism and it's Evil
3. Unhappy marriages
4. Feminity

Let's discuss these themes in detail :-

 1.Fact V/S Fancy :- Charles Dickens in his novel depicts a terrifying system of education where ' Facts, Facts and only Facts ' are pounded into the School children all day. Mr. Thomas Gradgrind Completely believed in this system. He makes sure one thing that all the children at the Schools should learn only facts. As a result of all this, things go very badla for Mr. Grangrind's own children. - Louisa & Tom Gradgrind. 

       As a children, they both were treated as if they had minds and not hearts. Their Adulthoods are Warped as they have no any other way to access their feelings or connect with others. 

      We can see in the novel that Louisa is unhappy when she follows  her mind, not her heart. She married to Mr. Bounderby her father's friend. As a result of this their marriage turned into an unhappy marriage and Louisa was very upset. 

  

     So, we can say that Fact v/s. Fancy is one of the important themes in the novel - Hard times. 

 2.Industrialist and its Evil :- 

    

      Dickens depicts the situation of Industrialization of England. Now, Coketown - manufacturing town of England focused on producing more and more, more dirty factories are built, and more smoke pollutes the air and water. and the Factory Owners only see their Workers as a part of the Machines that bring them Profit. In fact, the workers are only called as " Hands. "

     Stephen Blackpool - a poor worker at Bounderby's factory, is rejected by his fellow workers for his refusal to join the union. His factory union then treats him as ' An Outcast. ' His life became terrible. 

       In short, Industrialization creates an environment in which people cease to treate either others or themselves as people. That is why Dickens used satire on Industrialism. and take the side of working class and poor people. 

    3. Unhappy Marriages :-

             There are many Unhappy marriages in Hard times and none of them are resolved happily in the end. Mr. Gradgrind's  marriage to his Complaining wife and her Constant Comment that;

 "  काश मैने शादी ही नहीं की होती | "

   Neither are they or their children happy. 

    Another marriage happened of Louisa Gradgrind & Mr. Bounderby.  She married him not out of love but of a sense of duty towards her brother. She said yes for his brother. Because, she truly loves Tom. Tom works for Bounderby and wants to improve his chances at rising in the world. 

     Stephan Blackpool, too is involved in unhappiness of marriage. The girl who seemed so sweet when he married many years ago now becomes, by a gradual process a depraved drunk, who is the misery of his life. He was very depressed and his life bacame terrible. 

     So, we can understand that unhappy marriages - One of the important theme in Dickens novel - Hard times. 

  4. Feminity :- 

                              The best, most good characters of Hard times are women. Stephan Blackpool is a good man, but his love, Rachael is an " Angel. " Sissy jupe can overcome even the worst intentions of James Harthhouse with her firm and pure powerful gaze. 

          Louisa Gradgrind, lastly manages to get out of her crisis at the last minute by fleeing home to her father for shelter. Also we can understand that sissy - kind & helping nature girl. So, The role of Feminity potrays very well by Dickens in his novel. 

  For better understanding about the novel go through these videos. 

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