Welcome readers! Here I am going to write down one another blog. This blog is a response to the thinking activity given by Megha Ma'am - Department of English, Bhavnagar University - MKBU. This blog is also a Part of our thinking activity.
In this Particular blog, I will discuss some of the major Points which includes understanding of war Poetry, characteristics of war Poetry, and Some of the important themes in war Poems.
Major War Poets
His Poems :-
Siegfried Sassoon
The Hero
Wilfried Owen
Dulce et Decorum Est
Rupert Brooke
The Soldier
Wilfrid Wilson Gibson
The Fear
Ivory Gurney
The Target
So, These are some major war Poets and their Poems, through which they can express their feelings, thoughts and emotions.
• What is War Poetry :-
While we are discussing about war poets, First it is very much important to be understand about war Poetry that Because of the war situations how it affected the lives of human beings. Generally poets are expressing their own ideas and emotions through literature. So, that is how war poets also shared their feelings and emotions through Poetry. In simple terms one can easily understand that war Poetry means a Poetry which deals with the subject of war.
War poetry is a literary genre originated during the time of war when hundred of soldiers, and also civilians caught up in conflict. They started to write poetry as a way of striving to express extreme emotions at the very edge Experience
Poets have written about the experience of war since the Greeks, but the very young soldiers poets of the first world war established war Poetry as a literary genre. Their combined voice has become one of the most defining text of Twentieth century Europe.
As we are Discussing about War Poetry, it is important to notedown and remember the Timeline of First world war and second world war.
First World war
1914 - 1918
Second World war
1939 - 1945
• Characteristics of war Poetry :-
Following are the Major characteristics of war Poetry.
• It uses gruesome and showing imagery.
• It signed a break - off from the contemporary Poetic tradition.
• Realist document of war with all its brutality.
As we have seen the List of war poets , who were involved directly in the war and eye - witnessed to see the brutality in the name of national pride on the battlefield.
• Purpose of War Poetry :-
• Poetry is the best way to express someone's ideas and expression during the war.
• Another main reason and purpose for writing poetry is to show the the true picture of the war.
• People can understand that Due to the situations of war it affected the lives of human beings.
• It creates a sense of horror.
• Major Themes of War Poems :-
Following are the Major Themes of the war poems. They are given as below.
Hello readers! Here I am going to write down one another blog. This blog is inspired by Dr.Dilip sir barad - Department of English, Bhavnagar University - MKBU. This blog is a part of our thinking activity in which we have to give answers of some of the questions which is related to Northrop Frye's an Archetypal criticism with the help of ChatGPT.
Click hereto know more about this Interesting topic. But Before going further, First let us have a brief Introduction about the theorist.
• Northrop Frye :-
Northrop Frye, in full Herman Northrop Frye ( 14th July 1912 to 23rd January 1991). He was a Canadian literary critic and literary theorist. He truly Considered one of the most influential of the 20th century.
His book :- Anatomy of criticism (1957) one of the most important works of literary theory published in the 20th century. The American critic Harold Bloom commented at the time of its Publication that ' Anatomy of criticism ' established Frye as ' the foremost living student of western literature.' Northrop Frye's contributions to cultural and social criticism Spanned a long career during which he earned widespread recognition and also received many honours.
In his most famous Essay :- The Archetypes of literature he begins with the sentence that ;
Every organized body of knowledge can be learned progressively; and experience shows that there is also something progressive about the learning of literature. It means that - It is impossible to “learn literature : one learns about it in a certain way, but what one learns, transitively, is the criticism of literature.
• we all are learning criticism in literature. So That is how Northrop Frye's essay is very much important to be Understand that how Northrop Frye taking entry into this and what he thinks about literature and criticism.
Now, Before moving into Further discussion First let us try to understand the word - Archetype.
1. What is an Archetype :-
An Archetype is an idea, symbol, Pattern or character type in a story. It is an story element that appears again and again in stories from cultures around the world and symbolizes something universal in the human experience. Archetypes are hidden. In Simple terms , we can also understand that Archetypal criticism it's a new critical approach that studies universal patterns.
Let us try to make this point more clear with the help of following points.
• All Literatures - Beginning
- Ending
• The most common and important kind of Archetypes. Most popular characters have a universal Archetypes such as hero - Anti hero.
• Symbols that appear repeatedly in human cultures.
For Example :- Dawn - Dusk
• Morning is a symbol of something positive. While, Night is a symbol of something which is bad or negative. Just like Black and White.
So, one can very easily understand that all this universal patterns are common in Archetypal criticism. Now let us see the question - answers. As Per Sir's instruction we can take help of ChatGPT. So, all the answers of the questions are generated from ChatGPT.
Question 1 :- What is Archetypal Criticism?
Answer :- Archetypal criticism is a literary criticism approach that explores the use of Archetypes, or Universal symbols in literature. Archetypes are recurring patterns of human behaviour, symbols and motifs that are present in the collective unconscious of all human beings. These symbols have been present in literature since its inception and archetypal criticism examines how they are used and re - used in literature to express ideas, emotions and themes that are relevant to human experience.
Archetypal criticism often focuses on the study of mythological and Folkloric stories and how they have influenced literature. It is also concerned with the exploration of literary works that deal with human Psyche, dreams and the Unconscious. Archetypal criticism looks at how authors use Archetypes to create characters, plot, structures and themes that resonate with readers on a universal level.
Some of the most common archetypes found in literature include the hero, the Villain, the mentor, the trickster, the mother figure, the father figure and the Journey. Archetypal criticism seeks to identify these recurring patterns and Symbols and understand how they are used to create meaning in literature.
Archetypal criticism is closely related to Jungian Psychology, as both explore the collective unconscious and universal symbols that are present in human experience.
Question 2 :- What is Contribution of Northrop Frye in Archetypal criticism?
Answer :- Northrop Frye was a Canadian literary critic and theorist who made significant contributions to the field of Archetypal criticism. Frye's Archetypal criticism was based on his belief that literature contains universal patterns that reflect the human experience.
One of Northrop Frye 's key contribution was his concept of the ' Mythos ' which he defined as a set of cultural and literary archetypes that are common to all societies. According to him these archetypes include the hero, the quest, the mother figure and the trickster, among others.
Frye's contributions to archetypal criticism can be seen in his book ' Anatomy of criticism' which was first published in the year 1957. In this book he presents his theory of literary criticism which is based on the idea that all literature can be categorised into Four Genres:- Romance, Tragedy, Comedy and Irony / Satire. He developed the idea of Mythos grid which is the underlying structure or pattern of a literary work.
Another Northrop Frye's key contributions to Archetypal criticism is his theory of monomyth. Which he borrowed from the work of Joseph Campbell. The monomyth is a universal pattern that appears in many myths and stories , including the hero's Journey. According to Frye he believed that the hero's Journey is a common Archetype in literature that involves a hero leaving their ordinary world, going on a quest , Facing challenges and obstacles in his life and returning home transformed.
Northrop Frye also identified several other archetypes in literature including the 'anagogic' which refers to literature that has a spiritual or religion meaning and the 'demonic' which refers to literature and deals with evil or supernatural.
Overall, Northrop Frye's contributions to archetypal criticism have had a lasting impact on literary theory and continue to influence the way that scholars approach the study of literature.
Question 3 :- What do Archetypal critics do? Explain with examples.
Answer :- Archetypal Critics analyze literary works by examining the underlying universal symbols, and Patterns or archetypes that are present in the text. These archetypes are images or motifs that have been repeated throughout human history and across cultures and are believed to be deeply embedded into collective unconscious. Archetypal criticism was developed by Carl Jung - the Swiss Psychoanalyst , and that has been applied to literature, mythology, and other forms of cultural expression.
Archetypal critics attempt to identify the archetypes that are Present in a work and to explore their meaning and significance. They examine how the archetypes interact with each other and with other elements of the work such as Plot, character and setting. They may also consider the historical and cultural context in which the work was created and how it reflects or responds to broader cultural themes.
• Explanation with the help of Examples :-
1. In William Golding's novel - Lord of the Files, archetypal critics might identify the characters of Ralph, the leader and Jack the rebel as representing the archetypes of hero and villain. They might also analyze the setting of the deserted island as an archetype of the primal, Uncivilized world. Through this archetypal lens, they could explore how the characters interaction with each other and their environment reflect broader themes of human nature and society.
2. In another example of Homer 's epic poem 'The Odyssey' archetypal critics might identify the character of Odyssey as representing the archetype of the hero on a journey of self discovery. They might also analyze the character of Penelope as an archetype of the faithful wife waiting for her husband's return. Through this archetypal lens, they could explore how the characters interaction with each other and with the gods reflect broader themes of Fate, Identity and the human condition.
Overall , archetypal criticism provides a very powerful tool for analyzing literature by examining the deep seated patterns and symbols that are Present in human culture and exploring how they manifest in individual works.
Question 4 :- " Every organized body of knowledge can be learned Progressively; and experience shows that there is also something Progressive about the learning of literature. - Our opening sentence has already got us into a semantic difficulty." - Explain the semantic difficulty.
Answer :- The semantic difficulty in the opening sentence is related to the use of the term - Progressively in two different contexts. In the first Context " Progressive" refers to the idea that any organized body of knowledge can be learned in a gradual and incremental way. This implies that as one gains more knowledge, they progress in their understanding of the subject matter.
In the second context, "Progressive" is used to describe the learning of literature, implying that there is also a gradual and incremental process involved in understanding literary works. However the word Progressive in this context may be interpreted in different ways. It could refer to the idea that a reader's understanding of literature becomes more advanced or sophisticated as they read more books and gain more experience. Alternative, it could suggest that literature itself is Progressive and in that it reflects changing social, cultural and historical contexts over time.
The semantic difficulty arises because the word Progressive is being used in two different sentences in the same sentence. This could lead to confusion or ambiguity for the reader, as they may interpret the word differently in each Context.
Question 5 :- " The relation of criticism to religion, when they deal with the same documents , is more complicated. In criticism , as in history , the divine is always treated as a human artifact. God for the Critic , whether he finds him in Paradise lost or the Bible , is a character in a human story".
Answer :- The relation between criticism and religion can be complex and nuanced, Especially when they both deal with the same religious documents. In Criticism, divine is often treated as a human artifact rather than an otherworldly force or deity. This means that God or other divine beings are seen as characters in a human story, rather than as purely supernatural entities.
For example, when a literary critic analyzes a work like Paradise Lost or the Bible, they may examine the character of God or other divine figures as they would any other character in the text. They might consider the motivations, actions, and relationships of these characters and how they contribute to the overall themes and messages of the work.
In contrast, for many religious believers, God is not simply a character in a story. But a real and active presence in the world. They may see the Bible or other religious texts as divinely inspired and consider them to contains truths that go beyond human understanding.
However, within religious traditions,there can be different approaches to interpreting and understanding religious texts. Some may take a moral approach, seeing the stories and teachings as a direct communications from God, while others may take a more metaphorical or symbolical approach, seeing the texts as containing deeper meanings and insights into human nature and the divine.
Overall, while there can be an overlap between criticism and religion in their treatment of religious texts, their perspectives and goals are often quite different. Critics aim to analyze and understand the texts as works of literature or history, while religious believers may look to the texts for guidance, inspiration, and Spiritual insight.
Hello readers! Here I am going to write down one another blog. This blog is a response to the thinking activity given by Dr.Dilip barad sir - Department of English, Bhavnagar University. In this Particular blog, First I will try to Problematize the Poem and after Finding Problems I will try to defend the misunderstanding of the language of a poem.
Click hereto know more about I.A.Richard's Figurative language and Practical Criticism.
• Analysis of a Hindi Poem :-
9. काव्य :- सदियों पुराना
तुम्हारे भीतर है
सदियों पुराना
एक खूसट बूढ़ा
जो लाठियां ठकठकाते
अभी भी अपनी मुंछों को
तेल पिलाते रहता है
आखिर तुम कैसे
उसकी झुर्रियों के जाल से
बाहर आ पाओगी
तुम्हारे भीतर है
हमारी छटपटाती
भूखी इच्छाएं
खूनी वासनाएं
इन सबके बीच
आखिर कब तक
रह पाओगी
तुम वह मीठा झरना
जिसमें तैरती हैं
मछलियां
किनारे पर जिसके
पड़ी होती हैं सीपियां
तुम्हारे भीतर है
सदियों पुराना
एक खूसट बूढ़ा
जो लाठियां ठकठकाते
अभी भी अपनी मुंछों को
तेल पिलाते रहता है
आखिर तुम कैसे
उसकी झुर्रियों के जाल से
बाहर आ पाओगी
तुम्हें बंद करने होंगे
वे सारे दरवाजे
जो खोल रखे हैं
उस खूसट बूढ़े ने
आखिर कोई कैसे
सदियों तक अपनी जमीन
बंधक रहने दे सकता है |
We have to Remember and clearly understand that Practical Criticism is not about finding the correct interpretation of a poem , but rather about understanding and appreciating it's various aspects and effects. When First time I gone through the entire poem I couldn't find any Problems in it and also difficult to find it. But, after reading several times then it is easy to do. Because When you have to Problematize the poem For that the verbal and close reading of a poem is a very important thing.
• Problematic things in this Poem :-
1. First , The way that the Poet describes an old man by using the Word - सदियों पुराना| Then how can such an old person show such activeness as described लाठियां ठकठकाना और मूंछों को तेल पीलाते रहना|
So, Here I found the Problem that the use of words are not appropriate in connection with each other. I found it irrelevant.
2. The second Problematic thing is In the Poem the Poet describes that
तुम वह मीठा झरना
जिसमें तैरती हैं
मछलियां | But Fish can never swim in Stream.
3. Stream have no any border or edge.
4. Mussels are never found near stream.
So, All this things which is described in the poem by a Poet are Problematic.
5. In the last and Final lines of the Poem It is described as तुम्हें बंद करने होंगे
वे सारे दरवाजे
जो खोल रखे हैं
उस खूसट बूढ़े ने | If the Poet is talking about Freedom of women than we all know that Freedom can be gain by Opening the doors and not by closing.
6. This Poem is about a Patriarchal society. From this lines of the Poem ;
सदियों तक अपनी जमीन
बंधक रहने दे सकता है | Here , The poet has used a wrong word which is जमीन | But we can replace this word with another Hindi word - जमीर |
So, this all are the Problematic things From this Poem.
• Defending Misunderstanding of the language of a poem :-
• The First Point can be defended if we take in a way that this poem is about Patriarchy and Personality of a man. For that लाठियां ठकठकाना और मूंछों को तेल पिलाना| - Both are appropriate.
• The another point in the Poem where the Poet has used the word - जमीन| But I feel that the more appropriate and correct word here is - जमीर| The meaning of this word is - Soul.
I Interpreted the last line of the poem in that way that Due to Patriarchal Society, It is women's soul which has been trapped for
Such a longer period of time.
These are some Defending Points of the poem which one has to look and understand while analysing the poem.
So, This is the response which I got from ChatGPT and it is not correct also.
• Use of Metaphors in this Poem :-
The Poet has used many metaphors in this poem.
1. खूसट बूढ़ा
2. छटपटाती
भूखी इच्छाएं
3. खूनी वासनाएं
So, These are the metaphors which is used by the poet in this poem.
Welcome readers! Here I am going to write down one another blog on Samuel Beckett 's Play - ' Waiting For Godot.' This blog is inspired by Dr.Dilip sir barad - Department of English, Bhavnagar University. This blog is also a part of our thinking activity. This particular blog contains total Eight question - answers based on this play.
' Waiting For Godot ' :-
Before discussing Further, First Let us have a brief Introduction about the Play and the author itself.
• Samuel Beckett :-
Samuel Barclay Beckettwas an Irish Novelist, dramatist, Short story writer, theatre director,Poet and Literary translator. He was born on 13th April 1906 in Foxrock, Dublin, Ireland. Beckett 's literary and theatrical work features bleak, impersonal and tragicomic experiences of life, Often Coupled with black comedy and nonsense. He is Considered one of the last modernist writers and one of the Key Figures in what Martin Esslin called the Theatre of Absurd.
Samuel Beckett wrote in both France and English language. He translated his own works. His experiences during World war - ll Insecurity, Confusion, exile , hunger, deprivation - came to shape his writing. He won Nobel prize in literature in the year 1969 " For his Writing , which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation. "
He died on 22nd December 1989 in Paris.
• About the Play :-
' Waiting for Godot ' is a Play by Samuel Beckett, in which two characters Vladimir(Didi) and Estragon ( Gogo) engage in a variety of discussions and simply passing their time while waiting the titular Figure - Godot who never comes. Waiting for Godot is Beckett 's translation of his own original French language play - ' En attendant Godot' is subtitled in English only 'a tragicomedy in two acts.' This Play Originally written in French language and than Beckett himself translated it into English language.
This Play First Performed on 5th January in the Year 1953. Waiting for Godot was a true innovation in drama and The Theatre of Absurd 's First theatrical success.
Waiting for Godot belongs to the tradition of the Theatre of Absurd. It is unconventional in not depicting any dramatic conflicts. In the Play , Practically nothing happens , no development is to be found , there is no beginning and no end. In this Play Vladimir and Estragon both are waiting for Mr.Godot to come and with the arrival of Godot it will change their situation. But , that does not happen and Mr.Godot never arrives in the Play.
Estragon :- Let's Go !
Vladimir :- We can't.
Estragon :- Why not ?
Vladimir :- we are waiting for Godot.
Estragon :- Oh! Yes!
There are only Five male characters in the Play.
1. Vladimir
2. Estragon
3. Pozzo
4. Lucky
5. Boy - Comes as Mr.Godot's messenger
• One titular Figure - Mr.Godot
This Play shows us meaninglessness in life, Absurdist Fiction and also boredom in People's lives. This Play considered as the best example of the Theatre of Absurd. Also this Play can be read from various perspectives and Point of views like - Existentialism , As a religious Play, Political reading of the Play, Psychoanalytical and deconstructive Play.
Valdimir
Estragon
More Practical
Idealist, Claims to be a Poet
Memory, Remembering about Past days.
Forgetfulness ( No Sense of Past )
Protector, Stronger
Beaten , Weaker
Hopeful
Hopeless
Breathe Stinking
Feet Stinking
Worried For Lucky
Food ( Appetite to be satisfied ).
Symbol of Hat which represents one's mind.
Symbol of Boot which represents one's Body.
Pozzo
Lucky
Sadistic Master
Submissive Slave
Body - Materialistic aspect
Mind - Spiritual aspect
Self arrogant
Docile and meek
Rich , Powerful and Certain about himself.
Oppressed by his master Pozzo
Fake Tears - Crying to seek the attention of People.
He Danced for entertainment.
Goes blind in Act - 2.
Goes dumb in Act - 2.
Now , I will discuss some of the questions based on this play.
• My Response to the Questions :-
1.1 :- Why does Beckett grow a few leaves in Act 2 on the barren tree - ' The tree has four or Five leaves' ?
Answer :- As we know that Samuel Beckett got an Inspiration from ' Longing ' Painting by Caspar David Friedrich for the setting of this play - Waiting for Godot. In the beginning of Act - 2 Beckett grows a few leaves on the tree and he said that ;
' The tree has Four or Five leaves' .
Setting of both the Plays are nearly same except the minor changes in Act - 2 where Four or Five leaves Flourished on the tree. If we see Tree as a symbol in this Play than it can be said that both the major characters - Vladimir and Estragon are Waiting for the character named Godot. They continuously waiting for Mr.Godot to come. The entire Play took Place on a Country road. Both the Characters are waiting until the moon rises. But, A Boy comes as a messenger of Mr.Godot and tell that Surely Mr. Godot will come tomorrow. So, In one way we can say that Four or Five leaves Flourished on the tree symbolises the hope of Vladimir and Estragon that oneday Mr.Godot will come and change their situation.
But, Here Samuel Beckett shows very clearly the indifference nature of human being through the symbol of tree. When someone is suffering, No one really cares about it. The leaves grow on the tree because of its nature. Human suffering Presented by vladimir and Estragon in the Play - 'Waiting For Godot ' does not affect tree or nature to stop growing or blooming. So we can say that Human sorrow does not affect nature.
1.2 Can we do any Political reading of the Play if we see European nations represented by the names of the Characters. ( Vladimir - Russia,Estragon- France, Pozzo - Italy and Lucky - England)? What Interpretation can be inferred from the Play written Just after World War-2 ? Which country stands for Godot?
Answer :- Yes,we can do Political reading of the Play. If we see from Political Perspective, we can understand that European nations represented by the names of the characters. Where Vladimir represents Russia,Estragon represents France , Pozzo represents Italy and Lucky represents England.
The Play was written just after World War- 2. It is Possible to see it as a reflection on the chaos and uncertainty of the postwar era. As vladimir represents Russia, Estragon represents France. There is a history of Power Politics between France and Russia. Many Russian are in favour of France and many against and vice versa. But,still they are together like Estragon and Vladimir.
Lucky and Pozzo's relationship is a master- slave Relationship. Pozzo is master and Lucky is his Slave. If we look at it from Political Point of view, Lucky represents England and pozzo represents Italy.
Mr.Godot stands for Germany and Hitler. Throughout the play, two major characters vladimir and Estragon waiting for Godot to come , but he never arrives. So, Perhaps Mr.Godot is like Germany and Hitler who does not care for anyone.
1.3 In Act 1,In reply to Boy's question: Boy : what am I tell Mr.Godot, Sir? Vladimir : Tell him ... ( he hesitates)...tell him you saw us. ( Pause)
You did see us, didn't you?
How does this conversation go in Act 2? what is the Significance ?
Answer:- This Conversation between vladimir and the messenger Boy in act 2 is very much significant. Through this dialogue and Conversation we can understand that vladimir wants to Convey his pain and suffering. He wants that the boy should describe the situation to Mr.Godot that how they are suffering and with the arrival of Godot they can get rid of the suffering and sorrow. If we see the characteristics of both the major characters, we came to know that vladimir is more Practical out of two. He remembered Past days. While,Estragon is forgetful. He even forgets that they are waiting for Mr.Godot.
In human life also,we all wants that God will look at our situation and will do something to make our Pain less. Vladimir and Estragon also wants the same thing. But,Nothing like happens in the Play. So this conversation in Act 2 is very much significant.
1.4 In both Acts,Evening falls into night moon rises. How would you like to Interprete this ' Coming of night and moon' when actually they are waiting for Godot?
Answer :- In the Play, when the sun sets and the moon rises, Indicating that another day of waiting for Godot has passed. Most of the time, Estragon sleeps and when he awakens and wants to leave this desolate place, but at that time vladimir reminds him that they have to wait for Godot, and again they both started for waiting.
Night represents or symbolises the end of hope. While , Moon symbolises that still there is a ray of hope. So , the combination of night and moon rises gives an idea that vladimir and Estragon find a little hope in hopeless situation.
1.5 What is the meaning of the terms - 'Apathia, Aphasia and Athambia ' In Lucky 's speech ? .... divine apathia divine athambia divine aphasia loves us dearly with some exceptions for reasons unknown ..."
Answer :- Meaning of the three words :-
◇ Apathia :- Freedom or release from emotion or excitement- Lack of emotions and concerns.
◇ Aphasia :- Loss of the ability to comprehend or express speech. Loss of communication.
◇ Athambia :- To be in Capable of being upset or not easily excite.
"....Divine apathia divine athambia divine aphasia loves us dearly with some exceptions for reasons unknown.."
Lucky's monologue is the most deepest part of the Play. Towards the middle of part one in Samuel Beckett 's waiting for Godot , the character called Lucky gives a speech to the audience. Lucky delivers the audience a commentary on religion. The main theme however was the absence of God. However, it can also be translated to God who is outside of time , meaning he is no longer connected with us. The fact that he would not be reaching in all directions, but it is humans that are attempting to reach out to him with no success.
Lucky 's speech in reference to humanity's relationship with God. He uses the word Divine before each of these three words. So,we can clearly understathat Lucky's speech in Act - 1 is very much important and significant also.
1.6 " A better solution to tramp's Predicament than to wait - is ,suicide. " Is it really so? Why they fail to commit suicide?
Answer :- This quotation describe the situation of Vladimir and Estragon, It also gives us an idea about Existential crisis.
▪︎ " A better solution to tramp's Predicament than to wait - is Suicide. "
In this Play none of the characters commits suicide , though it it is frequently discussed and attempted by Estragon and Vladimir. Their inability to commit suicide, In fact gives way to their inability to do anything. They are framed within the situation.
Hence, For hanging g themselves the first problem to Gogo and Didi is the lack of rope and strong tree, that is the devices and tools of committing suicide are absent here. Secondly, they cannot leave each . If one hangs oneself successfully, and may be other can not. So anyone will remain lonely. Perhaps , Thinking and talking of suicide even trying it,may be a vision to them. It may be a way to pass the time.
It deals with the idea of Existential Philosophy. As a human we sometimes found our Existence meaningless and also the question arises in mind that Why we are here? What are we doing? Many times we have heard that it is better to die rather than to live.
