welcome readers! Here I am going to write down one blog on the topic of Indian Poetics. This blog is inspired by Dr. Dilip barad sir - Department of English, Bhavnagar University. This blog is also a part of our thinking activity. As a Student of literature it is very much Intresting to know about the Study of Indian aesthetics and Indian poetics. In this Particular blog I am going to share my basic understanding about this topic.
As we have the Paper of Literary Theory & Criticism and Indian Aesthetics in our syllabus of M.A Semester- 2. we all got a chance to attend Vinod sir Joshi's lecture From 5th to 13th January at English Department. It is an honour and Opportunity for all of us that we can learn about this interesting topic as well as other things which is related to language and literature from a very recognised and respected professor, Poet, Dr.Vinod sir Joshi. We also invited the students from Gujarati Department as well. Overall, we all had such a wonderful sessions by sir and Spent good time together.
For the Floral welcoming of sir We decided One student from our Department and another one from Gujarati Department and that is how two students welcomed sir by giving them Flower and greeting card.
One of my Classmate - Avni Jani had done Anchoring for the very first day of Guest lecture and I gave a very brief Introduction of Vinod Joshi Sir.
So, Here are some Glimpses of the very First day of Guest lecture.
• What is Indian poetics?
Oxford English Dictionary defines Poetics as ' Art of Writing Poetry ' Or ' the Study of Poetry '.
Poetics is a Study of such work of art individually or collectively. Literature differs from other writing in its use of language. Indian Scholars were aware about the Uniqueness of language used in literature.They knew and there was a general agreement that sound and sense are the two important elements blending of which makes Poetry what it is. The different schools or sampradays - સંપ્રદાયો of Indian Poetics emerged out of different speculations about the way in which the blending of sound and sense takes place.
Poetics is both Science as well as Philosophy. Indian poetics Starts with Bharata's Natyashastra, Passes through Bhamaha Dandin, Vamana and attains vastness in the Writings of Anandvardhana, Abhinavgupta, Vishwanatha, and Pandit Jagannatha.
Sanskrit Word for Poetics is Kavyashastra. Another word used for Poetics is Kavyamimansa. Mimansa means Study, discussion and Inquiry. The word Kavyamimansa was first Used by Rajasekhara - a tenth century Poet from Kashmir.
In Indian poetics we found six different schools or theories which are given as below or under.
1. Rasa theory by Bharatamuni
2. Dhvani theory by Anandvardhana
3.Vakrokti theory by Kuntaka
4. Alankara theory by Bhamah
5. Riti by Vaman
6. Auchitya by Ksemendra
Let us try to discuss and Understand them in detail.
1. The Rasa theory :-
In Indian aesthetics, a rasa ( रस) literally means ' nectar, essence or taste.' It connotes a concept in Indian arts about the aesthetic Flavour of any visual , literary or musical work that evokes emotion or feeling in the reader or audience but cannot be described. Rasas are created by bhavas, the state of mind. Bharata Muni is regarded the Father of Indian Rasa theory. He gave major statement in his book ' Natyashastra.'
Bharata the great rhetorician has tried to explain that how this aesthetic Pleasure takes place. He has tried to give the theory of rasa in one Sutra as he says that ;
નાટય શાસ્ત્રના છઠ્ઠા અધ્યાયમાં ભરતમુનિએ રસમીમાસા કરી.
" विभावानुभाव व्यभिचारी संयोगाद्र रस निष्पति : | "
• વિભાવ , અનુભાવ , વ્યભિચારી ભાવ અથવા સંચારી ભાવ અને સંયોગ. ( આ ચાર શબ્દો ખૂબ અગત્યનાં છે કે જે રસની વ્યાખ્યામાં આવે છે.)
સ્થાયી ભાવ અને સંચારી ભાવ એ બંને શબ્દો ભરતમુનિએ એ આપ્યા છે. જે સમજવા પણ જરૂરી છે.
• સ્થાયી ભાવ :- આપણામાં જે ભાવો છે તે બઘા સ્થાયી ભાવો કહેવાય છે. સાહિત્યની અને કલાની જરુર એટલા માટે પડે છે કે જે ભાવોને Sustained કર્યા છે તેને બહાર કાઢવાનું કામ કરે છે.
• સંચારી ભાવ :- સંચારી ભાવ એટલે એવા ભાવ જે આવે અને તરત ક્ષમી પણ જાય. જે ક્ષણભંગુર તરીકે પણ ઓળખાય છે.
Vibhav :- An Object
Anubhav :- Our Response or We can say Reactions
Vyabhichari :- Transitory Emotion
Samyog :- Combination of all this.
During the Lectures, On the very First day when sir was discussing about Rasa theory he told us that ;
' ભાવોને દમન એટલે કે રોકી શકાય છે પણ નિર્મૂળ કરી શકાતા નથી. '
"शृंगार करुण वीर रौद्र हास्य भयानका |
बिभत्सादभूत शांतश्रच नव नाटये रसा: स्मृता || "
_ अभिनव गुप्त। ( अनुष्टुप
छंद )
So, From this Sutra we can get total 9 rasas.
१. शृंगार रस ( Love )
२. करुण रस ( Sorrow)
३. वीर रस ( Energetic)
४. रौद्र रस ( Anger )
५. बिभत्स रस ( Disgust)
६. शांत रस ( Calm )
७. हास्य रस ( Mirth )
८. भयानक रस ( Terror)
९. अद्भुत रस ( Astonishment)
• Shringar rasa - Erotic Sentiments
Represents Love, beauty and Romance.
Colour :- Light Green
• Karuna rasa :- Pathetic Sentiments
Represents Sadness, Pity and grief .
Colour:- white , Grey
• Veer rasa :- Heroic Sentiments
Represents Courage , bravery and Pride
Colour - Saffron
• Raudra rasa :- Furious Sentiments
Represents anger and Fury.
Colour :- Red
• Hasya rasa :- Comic Sentiments
Represents Laughter, Joy and Mirth.
Colour:- White
• Bhayanaka rasa :- Terrific and Terrible Sentiments
Represents horror, Terror, or one kind of Fear and anxiety.
Colour :- Black
• Bibhatsa rasa :- Odious Sentiments
Represents Disgust and aversion
Colour:- Blue
• Adbhuta rasa :- Marvellous Sentiments
Represents Wonder, Mystery or Curiosity.
Felling of Amazement
Colour :- Yellow
• Shanta rasa :- Relaxation Sentiments
Represents Peace and the State of Calmness.
Colour :- Perpetual white
In Response to Bharatamuni 's Rasa theory Four Scholars emerged and they gave their different Opinions and Point of views.
1. Bhatt Lollatt :- Bhatt Lollatt argues that there is no rasa. But,rather it is being Produced. This Concept of Bhatt Lollatt considered as 'ઉત્પત્તિવાદ'.
2. Shree Shankuk :- Shree Shankuk argues that there is no rasa nor it is produced. But one can only Supposed it. These Supposition are of total Four types. This Concept of shree Shankuk Considered or known as ' અનુમતિવાદ'.
१. यथार्थ प्रतिती |
२. सादृश्य प्रतिती |
३. संशय प्रतिती |
४. मिथ्या प्रतिती |
3. Bhatt Nayaka :- Bhatt Nayaka argues that there is no rasa. It can not being Produced and it can not even supposed. But, It is experienced or Simplified. અભિનય કરનારમાં રસનું સાઘારણીકરણ થવું જોઈએ ત્યારબાદ પ્રેક્ષકોમાં થાય છે.
• સાઘારણીકરણ :- ઓતપ્રોત Or Total, Complete Involvements .
4. Abhinavgupta :- Abhinavgupta argues that Rasa can be generated only when Nat - Nati, Audience and creator Predict Bhavas and then shows total Involvements in it.
•' પ્રકાશાનંદમય જ્ઞાનની પ્રતિતિ , અનુભૂતિ કરાવે તેનું નામ રસ.'
- અભિનવગુપ્ત
- રસ એ વ્યક્તિગત આવિર્ભાવ છે. જે અનેક પરીમાણો પર આધાર રાખે છે. આ ઉપરાંત વિભાવ, અનુભાવ , સંચારી ભાવ અને તેમના સંયોગથી રસ નિષ્પત્તિ થાય છે.
2. The Dhvani theory :-
The Dhvani school of poetry was Formulated by Anandvardhana who wrote 'Dhvanyaloka'
in the middle of the 9th century. It brought Focus on the Potential Power of the Word in a Kavya. Here, the word together with its literal Sense forms the body of kavya.
According to Anandvardhana :-
" ध्वनि : काव्यस्य आत्मा | " અર્થાત્, ધ્વનિ એ કાવ્યનો આત્મા છે.
According to Anandvardhan :- ' શબ્દ અને અર્થ એ બંને સાથે હોવા જોઈએ. એ બંને એક જ છે.'
અર્થાત્, મુખ્ય અર્થનો બાધ કરવાનો અને અન્ય અર્થને લક્ષિત કરવાનો છે.
For more and better understanding about Anandvardhana 's Dhvani theory Let us look at three ' Shabda Shaktis ' .
1. અભિધા શબ્દશકિત. ( Abhidha )
2. લક્ષણા શબ્દશકિત. ( Lakshana )
3. વ્યંજના શબ્દશકિત. ( Vyanjana )
1. Abhidha :- Abhidha is the first and basic shabda Shakti. Other two Shaktis rest upon it. Abhidha may be defined as that Power of words which Conveys the Conveys the Conventional meaning or the literal meaning of the expression.
2. Lakshana :- Lakshana is the Second Shabda Shakti. It is Indication Power. It consists in the external characteristics of the expression which are indicative of something deeper.
3. Vyanjana :- vyanjana is the third Shabda Shakti which means suggestive. In Vyanjana we get direct meaning but it is incomplete. So we have to take another meaning that is called Vyanjana.
૧. અભિધા શબ્દશકિત
સીધો અર્થ લેવાનો છે.
૨. લક્ષણા શબ્દશકિત
સીધો અર્થ મળતો નથી એટલે નજીક નો અર્થ લેવાનો છે.
૩. વ્યંજના શબ્દશકિત
સીધો અર્થ મળી જાય છે. પરંતુ લેવાનો નથી.
Abhidha Shabda Shakti
Ex :- અંઘારુ થયું ને અજવાળું ગયું.
Lakshana Shabda Shakti
Ex :- મારું ઘર હાઈકોર્ટ રોડ પર છે.
Vyanjana Shabd Shakti
Ex :- મીઠા મધુર ને મીઠા મેહુલા રે લોલ..એ થી મીઠી છે મોરી માત રે..
• પ્રતિયમાન અર્થ :- શબ્દમાંથી નીકળતા પ્રતિયમાન અર્થને આનંદવર્ધન ધ્વનિ તરીકે ઓળખાવે છે. રસ એ ભાવ પર આધારીત છે. જ્યારે ધ્વનિ સંપ્રદાય એ શબ્દ અને અર્થ પર આધારીત છે.
Let us have a look on the definition of it :-
' જેમાં શબ્દ અને અર્થ ગૌણ બની જાય છે અને જે પ્રતિયમાન અર્થ પ્રગટે તેને ધ્વનિ કહેવામાં આવે છે. '
One Metaphor also used for Dhavani theroy.
' विभाति लावण्यम् इव अङ्गनासु | '
સ્રીના સૌંદર્ય ની જેમ ધ્વનિ શોભે છે.
There are total three types of Dhavani :-
1. Vastu Dhvani :- This is the very first type of Dhvani. In Vastu Dhvani some rare of Idea is implied. In Vastu Dhvani one can see and understand that Thought is at the centre. This type of Dhvani also known as વિધેયાત્મક ધ્વનિ.
2. Alankara Dhvani :- This is the Second type of Dhvani. In Alankara theory some Alankara or figure of speech is suggested.
3. Rasa Dhvani :- This is the third and last Part of Dhvani. In Rasa Dhvani rasa is evoked.
Three types of Dhvani
What is at the Centre
Vastu Dhvani
Thought is at the centre
Alankara Dhvani
Figure of Speech is at the centre
Rasa Dhvani
Rasa is at the centre
૧. વસ્તુ ધ્વનિ
ઉદાહરણ :- ' તું જ્યાં છે ત્યાં મારો બીજો જન્મ થજો.'
૨. અલંકાર ધ્વનિ
ઉદાહરણ :- ' દમયંતી નું મુખ ચંદ્ર જેવું છે.'
૩. રસ ધ્વનિ
ઉદાહરણ :- 'સાંવરિયો રે મારો સાંવરિયો હું તો ખોબો માંગું ને દઈ દે દરિયો! '
3. The Vakrokti Theory :-
The Indian poetics hs always deliberated on the meaning of words in literature. Another school we found that emphasized meaning in poetry is Vakrokti. Sanskrit word Vakrokti is a compound of two words.
• Vakra :- Crooked, bent
• Ukti :- Saying or expression
• Vakra + Ukti :- Vakrokti
So Vakrokti means Oblique expression. Let Us understand this with one very beautiful example.
' અમે વળીને જોયું અને તમે વણ્યા વણાંક
ગલીનો હોય કે પછી નજરનો છે વાંક '
In this example , we can get idea that how Poet used the words to create one Particular meaning in a very different way.
• ' વળાંક નું પણ એક અલગ જ સૌંદર્ય હોય છે.'
• ' વક્રોક્તિ એ એક એવી વિભાવના છે કે જેમાં સર્જનાત્મકતા હોય છે. '
Kuntaka is Credited for the Propagation of this theory. He lived between 950 - 1050 AD. His Vakroktijivitam ( वक्रोक्तिजीवितम ग्रंथ ) is a landmark work in Indian poetics, In which he talked about Vakrokti theory.
• " शब्दार्थो सहितो वक्र
कविव्यापार शालिनी |
बन्धे व्यवस्थितौ काव्यम्
तद्विदाह्लाद कारिणी |"
અર્થાત્ , જે કાવ્ય જાણે છે, તેને જાણનાર ને જ તે આહ્રલાદ એટલે કે આનંદ આપી શકે છે.
• तद्विद :- તેને જાણનાર
• आहलाद :- આનંદ
According to Kuntaka , Vakrokti is of 6 types.
1. वर्णविन्यास वक्रता |
2. पद पूर्वार्ध वक्रता |
3. पदपरार्ध वक्रता |
4. वाक्य वक्रता |
5. प्रकरण वक्रता |
6. प्रबन्ध वक्रता |
Let us try to understand this six different types of Vakrokti with the help of one table.
Varna Vinyas Vakrata
At the level of Phoneme.
Pada Purvardha Vakrata
Lexical Obliquity or at the level of the word.
Pada Parardha Vakrata
At the level of the grammatical form like tense etc.
Vakya Vakrata
Sentential Obliquity at the level of sentence.
Prakarana Vakrata
Obliquity at the level of episodes or Incidents.
Prabandh Vakrata
At the level of the Whole Composition.
Types of Vakrokti
Explanation
Examples
वर्णविन्यास वक्रता |
જેમાં વર્ણનું સૌંદર્ય હોય છે અને તે શબ્દ પર આધારીત છે.
From Shakespeare's Macbeth - " Fair is Foul and Foul is Fair."
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