Conclusion: Globalization and the Future of Post Colonial Studies

 Welcome readers! This blog is written in response to the thinking activity assigned by Dr. Dilip Barad sir from Department of English, MKBU. In this blog I am going to summarize two articles from Ania Loomba's book - 'Colonialism and Post Colonialism about Post Colonial Studies.  The First article is Conclusion : Globalization and the future of Post Colonial Studies (2nd Edition) and another one is Conclusion : The Future of Post Colonial Studies (3rd Edition).  But, First let's understand the concept of Postcolonial Studies. 

 ◇ What  is Postcolonial  Studies  :- 

  The interdisciplinary approach embraced by Post Colonial Studies Provides a Variety of academic tools and Perspectives to study the Social, Cultural and Psychological aftermath of Colonialism and the identity crisis generated in the wake of decolonization.  In another words, Postcolonialism is the critical academic study of the Cultural, Political and economic legacy of Colonialism and Imperialism , Focusing on the impact of human Control and exploitation of Colonized People and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from Previously colonized Country began Publishing on the lingering effects of Colonialism, developing a critical theory analysis of the history, Culture, literature and discourse of imperial Power. 

One Possible definition for Postcolonialism is that ; 

            " It involves a studied engagement with the experience of Colonialism and its Past and Present effects, both at the local level of ex - colonial Societies and at the level of more general global developments thought to be the after- effects of empire."

 Postcolonialism often also involves the discussion of experiences such as Slavery, migration, suppression and resistance, difference, race, gender and Place as well as responses to the discourses of imperial Europe such as history, Philosophy, anthropology and lingustics. 

  ◇ What is Globalization  :- 

  Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information. Countries have built economic partnerships to facilitate these movements over many centuries.  The Wide - ranging effects of Globalization are Complex anf Politically charged. As with major technological advances , Globalization benefits Society as a whole , while harming certain groups. In simple Words ; 

   " Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world into a more Connected and interdependent Place." 

 Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result. 

 □ Conclusion  : Globalization and the future of Post Colonial Studies 

 This Particular article talks about the relationship between Globalization and the Future of Post Colonial Studies.  She examines the impact of Globalization on Post Colonial Studies.  She argues that Globalization has led to a more interconnected and transnational world, which has both challenged and expanded the Scope of Postcolonial  Studies.  Ania Loomba identifies several key areas in which Globalization is transforming Postcolonial Studies.  

Globalization has led to the movement of people and Cultures across borders, creating new transnational Communities. Post Colonial Scholars are increasingly examining the experience of these communities, as well as they challenge and redefine traditional notions of Identity and belonging.  

  ● " Post Colonial tool become very much Intresting when it comes to question."

This article also talks about the Perspectives of different Scholars like Thomas Friedman, Hardt and Negri , Joseph E.Stiglitz and P.sainath. In addition to that It also talks about Globalization and its Discontents  - Work by Noam Chomsky.  

 1. 9/11 Attack :-

  The 9/11 Attack also known as September 11 Attacks. This Particular events investigates that how the Concept of Global war intertwines with Globalization, giving rise to discussion on violence within this Context. This tragedy served as a catalyst for the emergence of the New American Empire and the Subsequent Global war on terror.

 Ania Loomba rightly observed that ; 

    " Since the events of 11 September 2001, the so called global war on terror, and the US invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq, it is harder than ever to see our world as simply Post Colonial. As the new American Empire develops, openly and shrilly advocated by Policy- makers , Politicians, and academics. Within the US and elsewhere, it is more since the events of 11 September 2001, the so called global war on terror and the urgent than ever to think about the questions of dominations and resistance that have been raised by anti Colonial movements and Post Colonial studies worldwide. " 

2. Market Fundamentalism :- 

 Market Fundamentalism Sheds light on the role of global institutions like the world Bank and the IMF in shaping the global economic landscape.  

P.Sainath further explores the destructive impact of Market Fundamentalism. In seminar Paper and Then There was the Market, he makes this Particular Observation : 

 " Market Fundamentalism destroys more human lives than any other simply because it cuts across all national, Cultural, geographic, religious and other boundaries.  It is as much at home in Moscow as in Mumbai or Minnesota. South - africa whose advances in the early 1990s thrilled the world moved swiftly from apartheid to Neoliberalism. It sits as easily in Hindu, Islamic or Christian Societies and it contributes angry, despairing recruits to the armies of all religious  Fundamentalisms. Based on the Premise that the Market is the soultion to all the Problems of the human race, it is too a very religious Fundamentalism.  It has its own Gospel : The Gospel of st. Growth , of st. Choice."

 The impact of Market Fundamentalism on Globalization is a contentious issue, as Some argue that the actual measures taken under Globalization resulted in the Process of imposition and underdevelopment. Moreover, Some critics also claim that new Global Powers apply a theory that , while facilitating global Connections and creating new Opportunities, but it also entrenches divisions.  

3.Empire:- 

Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri are theorists of Globalization , who take the Contemporary world to function in a way that is distinct from its Modern Past. According to them ; 

 " Empire as a Universal Order that accepts no boundaries or limits." 

 It shows that how this emerging empire is fundamentally different from the Imperialism of European dominance and Capitalist expansions in Previous eras. Hardt and Negri open their case in Empire by arguing that nation state based systems of Power are rapidly unraveling under the onslaught of world capitalism. Globalization cannot be understood as a simple Process of de - regulating world markets. The old conformist ideas of empire is that of the existence of a statist world of rulling class and Proletariat of a dominant core and a Subject Periphary.  

 This statist world is breaking down and is being replaced by a less dichotomous and more intricate and Complicated Pattern of inequality. It is generally thought that if the Contemporary world system can be described as anempire, it is because of the overwhelming concentration of financial, diplomatic and military Power in American hands. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri argued that ; 

 " Globalization is transforming individual nation states into a System of diffuse national and global institutions of Power in other words a new type of Empire which raises the Possiblity for a multitude of peolpe to fight it." 

   The Conclusion that Hardt and Negri draw in Empire , is that Contemporary Globalization,  though it certainty introduces new forms of capitalist command and exploitation, to be welcomed because it is capital 's latest concession to the force of insurgent subjectivity. It contains the seeds of another Globalization , the counter empire of global Communism.

4.Role of Universities:- 

 The notion of the New Imperialism extends its Influence into the relam of educational institutions, Where it raises critical questions about the Preparation of the best and brightest students for Imperial missions. Nilall Ferguson suggest that ; 

 " United States should Consider sending its most talented  students; often hailing from its leading Universities , to fulfill this mission."

 It seems that the Critique of Globalization is not accepted and hence, using the crisis of 9/11 and global war on terror, the Post Colonial studies is also attacked. Ania Loomba Observed that disciplines of history and literature are also not extempt from this Politics of Patriotism and hyper nationalism. "Those who do not teach western history and literature are not exempt from Critique, In an earlier report ACTA ( Anti - Counterfeiting Trade Agreement) had complained not only that Shakespeare was being dropped from required courses but that Shakespeare and Renaissance were being Polluted by a Focus on Social issues such as Poverty and Sexuality. " 

 One of Edward Said's most valuable achievements in Orientalism was not simply to establish the Connections between Scholarship and state - Power in the Colonial Period, but to indicate its afterlife in a Post - Colonial global formation with the US as its Epicenter.  This Article ends with the lines that ; 

  " If Universities are to remain sites of dissent and free intellectual inquiry , if scholarship is not be at the service of American or any other Power, Critiques of Past and ongoing empires are going to be more necessary than ever. 

 Now Let us see some of the examples of movies which happened due to Globalization.  

1. Tigers :- 

This film based on the true story of former Nestle Pakistan Salesman who fights against multi national Compaines.  In this movie we can find the Conflict between One man and Corporate World. 

2. Ghayal  once again  :- 

  This Film depicts the Conflict of four youngsters who witnessed the murder of an RTI activist by a powerful businesses owner Bansal.

 3. Reluctant Fundamentalist :- 

  This film is directed by Mira Nair and it is about the Conflict of Market and religious Fundamentalism in the  aftermath of 9/ 11 Attacks.  This movie is adapted from Mohsin Hamid 's novel with the same title. 

4. Rang De Basanti :-

 

  Rang De Basanti is a 2006 film about the Clashes and Conflicts between Politician and businessman v/s a group of young college Boys. One of them has to Confront his own Corrupt father before taking on a Politician.

 

To  Conclude, I have tried to analyze this Article of Ania Loomba about Conclusion  : Globalization and the future of Post Colonial Studies and give examples of selected movies. 

 I hope you find will find this blog helpful..

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